The prosperity of the Han Dynasty lasted longer than that of the Tang Dynasty. Why do foreigners call the Chinese "Tang people"?

The prosperity of the Han Dynasty lasted longer than that of the Tang Dynasty. Why do foreigners call the Chinese "Tang people"?
Chinese settlements all over the country are called "Chinatown".

when it comes to the two prosperous dynasties, the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese who know a little about history will give a thumbs up proudly! In terms of the duration of the prosperous age, the prosperous age of the Han Dynasty lasted longer than that of the Tang Dynasty. However, today's foreigners refer to the Chinese as "Tang people", and Chinese settlements all over foreign countries are called "Chinatown". What on earth is going on?

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if we want to answer this question, we have to find the answer from the characteristics of the foreign exchanges of the two prosperous empires.

    

first of all, the scope of foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty is smaller than that of the Tang Dynasty.

according to historical records, the scope of foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty was in Eurasia. In East Asia, the Han Dynasty had certain contacts with the Japanese archipelago and the Korean Peninsula. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western regions, the Han Empire established ties with the countries of Central and Western Asia, as well as the Roman Empire in Europe. Unfortunately, the Han dynasties did not have much contact with India, another ancient civilization on the South Asian continent.

compared with the Han Dynasty, the scope of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty was more extensive. As a powerful unified central empire, the Tang Dynasty not only resumed contacts with the Han Dynasty and Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Central Asia, and West Asia but also had in-depth contacts with India in the South Asian subcontinent. According to the records of the Liudian of the Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, more than 300 countries that paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty had perished, and at that time more than 70 countries maintained friendly exchanges with the prosperous Tang Dynasty of the Kaiyuan period.

above   

second, the foreign exchanges of the Tang Dynasty are comprehensive, while the foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty are only official political and economic exchanges.

during the Han Dynasty, although the national strength was strong, foreign exchanges were relatively frequent. However, we should note that the foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty are only official political and economic exchanges.

the answer can be found in the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and Japan. During the Han Dynasty, Chinese culture also began to influence Japan. However, the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Japanese islands were limited to political and economic exchanges. Specifically, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the Korean Peninsula and set up four counties, Chinese culture began to influence Japan. More than 30 countries in the Japanese archipelago contributed to the Han Dynasty, and political and economic exchanges between China and Japan began. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the king of Japan sent an envoy to Luoyang, Emperor Wu of Han Guang bestowed the golden seal on the Japanese slave king, and the Japanese slave country became a vassal of the Han Dynasty.

the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and Japan are limited to the political and economic level, while the exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Japan are all-around exchanges. During the period of Tang Taizong and Tang Gaozong, the national strength of Datang increased rapidly. In 630 AD, Emperor Shu Ming of Japan sent Tang envoys to Chang'an to establish official exchanges with the Tang Dynasty. The significance of sending an envoy of the Tang Dynasty is equivalent to that of today's Japanese ambassador to China.

above   

after the establishment of the envoy to the Tang Dynasty, the exchanges between Japan and the Tang Dynasty increased in an all-around way. First of all, Japan sent foreign students to Chang'an to learn the advanced political, economic, cultural and scientific, and technological knowledge of the Tang Dynasty. Secondly, the Japanese government learned from the three provinces and six ministries and other systems of the Tang Dynasty and carried out the reform from a slave society to a feudal society. The planning and architecture of the Japanese city of Kyoto imitate the Tang Chang'an City. The tea ceremony and clothing in the Tang Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on Japan. This shows the influence of the Datang Empire on Japan.

from the comparison of the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty with neighboring Japan, we can see that the depth of the foreign exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty is completely different. The foreign exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty were limited to official exchanges, all at the political and economic levels. The foreign exchanges of the Tang Dynasty are not only political and economic exchanges, cultural exchanges are also more in-depth and comprehensive.

during the Han Dynasty, other countries did not send foreign students to Chang'an and Luoyang, while during the Tang Dynasty, neighboring countries sent batch after batch of foreign students to Chang'an. During the Han Dynasty, there were no records of foreigners doing business in the capital Chang'an (Luoyang), but during the Tang Dynasty, the west and east cities of the capital Chang'an were full of foreigners doing business-- many Japanese, Koryo, Baiji, Arabs, Western countries, and Persians did business in Chang'an. Chang'an, like New York today, has become an international metropolis where people from all countries have close contact.


 during the Han Dynasty, there were few foreign officials in the central government. By the Tang Dynasty, the central government had made full use of foreigners for official posts. For example, Gao Xianzhi, a Gaoli, served as an emissary of Wuwei and Hexi. Because of his meritorious service in fighting against Tubo, the Baiji held an important position in the army during the period of Tang Gaozong. Japanese Abe Zhong Malu served as the envoy of Annan, and Asnasmo, a Turk, held an important position in the army during the reign of Emperor Taizong. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, although the national strength of the Tang Dynasty declined somewhat, the number of foreigners who came to the Tang Dynasty as officials remained unchanged. For example, during the period of Tang Dzong, Li Yuanqiong, a Persian, served as a doctor in Huazhou. During the period of Tang Xuanzong, Li Yansheng of the Arab Food Empire served as a bachelor of Hanlin.

the frequent and comprehensive exchanges with foreign countries of the Tang Dynasty produced a series of positive effects: through the Silk Road on land and the Silk Road at sea, the politics, economy, and culture of the Tang Dynasty influenced the neighboring countries again and again. In the minds of many foreigners, the Tang Dynasty has become synonymous with China, and pursuing Tang culture is tantamount to pursuing Chinese culture. Although the heyday of the Tang Dynasty was not as long as that of the Han Dynasty. However, the inclusive mentality of the Tang Dynasty did surpass that of the Han Dynasty.

from the three points of attracting foreign students, allowing foreigners to do business in the capital, and letting foreigners hold official positions, we can see that the external confidence of the Tang Dynasty is indeed better than that of the Han Dynasty, and the international influence of the Tang Dynasty is much greater than that of the Han Dynasty. Even though the Tang Dynasty perished in 907 AD, the influence of the Tang Dynasty continues to this day, so much so that today's foreigners call the Chinese Tang people.


  third, the Tang Dynasty won more foreign wars than the Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty established absolute military authority on the Eurasian continent so that after the an-Shi Rebellion broke out, the Tang Dynasty received military support from many countries.   

the military strength of the Han and Tang dynasties is very strong. But on the whole, the military strength of the prosperous Tang Dynasty was stronger than that of the Han Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty fought the Xiongnu. At first, due to the lack of national strength, the Western Han Dynasty spent decades making peace with the Xiongnu. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty was strong and strong, and Han generals Wei Qing, Li Guang, Huo Quan, and others led a large army to launch counterattacks many times, and finally won a decisive victory against the Xiongnu in the Battle of Mobei.

however, we must see that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only won a decisive victory against the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu did not perish. It was not until the period of Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty that Dou Xian led an army to destroy the Xiongnu. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty spent more than two centuries completely solving the threat of Xiongnu.

apart from dealing with the Xiongnu, the Han Dynasty won the victory of attacking Dayuan and the Korean Peninsula in the foreign war. Apart from the military victories of the Western countries such as Xiongnu and Dayuan and the Korean Peninsula, there were not many bright spots in the foreign military struggle between the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty.

above     

the military struggle against Xiongnu in the Tang Dynasty blossomed in all directions and yielded comprehensive results. From 629 to 630 AD, 100000 troops of the Tang Army, led by Li Jing, Li Kun, and others, launched a courageous attack. After a year of fighting, they wiped out the East Turkic Khanate and captured Jieli Khan. Then, during the period of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Jun took Tuyuhun and Xue Yantuo, conquered Gaochang Khanate, and dealt a heavy blow to Koguryo. Because of Li Shimin's successive victories in foreign operations, all countries around Li Shimin called Li Shimin "Tiankhan", which means "the common monarch of the whole world". Wang Xuan ze, the minister of the Tang Dynasty, also led the coalition forces of Tubo and other countries to attack India and captured the Indian king in the later period of Tang Taizong.

in the period of Tang Gaozong, the powerful military strength of the Tang Dynasty was further reflected. During the reign of Li Zhi, the Tang army wiped out the Western Turkic Khanate, Baiji, and Koguryo. In 663 AD, the Tang army navy of Liu Ruigou annihilated the Japanese army in Baijiangkou, and Japan was completely subdued by the Tang Dynasty. After the painstaking efforts of the emperors of Emperor Taizong and Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty established absolute military hegemony in Asia. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were "those who offended us to strengthen the Han Dynasty, though far away must be punished". In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, the military strength was still "those who violated our Tang Dynasty, although far away must be punished."

above  the Battle of Baiji in Koguryo   

without the strong military strength and the foreign victories won by the officers and men of the Tang Dynasty, the influence of the Tang Dynasty could hardly spread to countries all over the world.

after the an-Shi Rebellion broke out, neighboring countries sent troops to fight side by side with Tang Jun. For example, in the battle of Xiangji Temple, the turning point of the an-Shi Rebellion, in addition to the confrontation between the Western Legion of the Tang army and the rebels, there was also an "international coalition force" in the Tang camp: the 4000 Uighur army of Gu Li Pei Luo Khan, the 4000 Arab Legion of Mansour Khalifa, and the troops sent by Nanzhao, Yutian, and other small countries fought side by side with the Tang army. It is extremely rare in Chinese history for the "international coalition forces" to help our central government quell the rebellion. The international influence of the Tang Dynasty can also be reflected from this point.

above a Shi Rebellion   

it is precise because of the above three reasons that the Tang Dynasty has become an "absolute symbol" of China in the eyes of foreigners. So much so that today, foreigners refer to the Chinese as "Tang people". Therefore, it is the "spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty" that makes Chinese history reach an unprecedented height, and it is the "prosperous Tang Dynasty" that makes countries around the world look at Chinese history and culture with new eyes.

first of all, the scope of foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty is smaller than that of the Tang Dynasty.

according to historical records, the scope of foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty was in Eurasia. In East Asia, the Han Dynasty had certain contacts with the Japanese archipelago and the Korean Peninsula. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western regions, the Han Empire established ties with the countries of Central and Western Asia, as well as the Roman Empire in Europe. Unfortunately, the Han dynasties did not have much contact with India, another ancient civilization on the South Asian continent.

compared with the Han Dynasty, the scope of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty was more extensive. As a powerful unified central empire, the Tang Dynasty not only resumed contacts with the Han Dynasty and Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Central Asia, and West Asia but also had in-depth contacts with India in the South Asian subcontinent. According to the records of the Liudian of the Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, more than 300 countries that paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty had perished, and at that time more than 70 countries maintained friendly exchanges with the prosperous Tang Dynasty of the Kaiyuan period.

second, the foreign exchanges of the Tang Dynasty are comprehensive, while the foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty are only official political and economic exchanges.

during the Han Dynasty, although the national strength was strong, foreign exchanges were relatively frequent. However, we should note that the foreign exchanges of the Han Dynasty are only official political and economic exchanges.

the answer can be found in the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and Japan. During the Han Dynasty, Chinese culture also began to influence Japan. However, the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Japanese islands were limited to political and economic exchanges. Specifically, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the Korean Peninsula and set up four counties, Chinese culture began to influence Japan. More than 30 countries in the Japanese archipelago contributed to the Han Dynasty, and political and economic exchanges between China and Japan began. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the king of Japan sent an envoy to Luoyang, Emperor Wu of Han Guang bestowed the golden seal on the Japanese slave king, and the Japanese slave country became a vassal of the Han Dynasty.

the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and Japan are limited to the political and economic level, while the exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Japan are all-around exchanges. During the period of Tang Taizong and Tang Gaozong, the national strength of Datang increased rapidly. In 630 AD, Emperor Shu Ming of Japan sent Tang envoys to Chang'an to establish official exchanges with the Tang Dynasty. The significance of sending an envoy of the Tang Dynasty is equivalent to that of today's Japanese ambassador to China.

after the establishment of the envoy to the Tang Dynasty, the exchanges between Japan and the Tang Dynasty increased in an all-around way. First of all, Japan sent foreign students to Chang'an to learn the advanced political, economic, cultural and scientific, and technological knowledge of the Tang Dynasty. Secondly, the Japanese government learned from the three provinces and six ministries and other systems of the Tang Dynasty and carried out the reform from a slave society to a feudal society. The planning and architecture of the Japanese city of Kyoto imitate the Tang Chang'an City. The tea ceremony and clothing in the Tang Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on Japan. This shows the influence of the Datang Empire on Japan.

from the comparison of the exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty with neighboring Japan, we can see that the depth of the foreign exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty is completely different. The foreign exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty were limited to official exchanges, all at the political and economic levels. The foreign exchanges of the Tang Dynasty are not only political and economic exchanges, cultural exchanges are also more in-depth and comprehensive.

during the Han Dynasty, other countries did not send foreign students to Chang'an and Luoyang, while during the Tang Dynasty, neighboring countries sent batch after batch of foreign students to Chang'an. During the Han Dynasty, there were no records of foreigners doing business in the capital Chang'an (Luoyang), but during the Tang Dynasty, the west and east cities of the capital Chang'an were full of foreigners doing business-- many Japanese, Koryo, Baiji, Arabs, Western countries, and Persians did business in Chang'an. Chang'an, like New York today, has become an international metropolis where people from all countries have close contact.

the frequent and comprehensive exchanges with foreign countries of the Tang Dynasty produced a series of positive effects: through the Silk Road on land and the Silk Road at sea, the politics, economy, and culture of the Tang Dynasty influenced the neighboring countries again and again. In the minds of many foreigners, the Tang Dynasty has become synonymous with China, and pursuing Tang culture is tantamount to pursuing Chinese culture. Although the heyday of the Tang Dynasty was not as long as that of the Han Dynasty. However, the inclusive mentality of the Tang Dynasty did surpass that of the Han Dynasty.

from the three points of attracting foreign students, allowing foreigners to do business in the capital, and letting foreigners hold official positions, we can see that the external confidence of the Tang Dynasty is indeed better than that of the Han Dynasty, and the international influence of the Tang Dynasty is much greater than that of the Han Dynasty. Even though the Tang Dynasty perished in 907 AD, the influence of the Tang Dynasty continues to this day, so much so that today's foreigners call the Chinese Tang people.

the military strength of the Han and Tang dynasties is very strong. But on the whole, the military strength of the prosperous Tang Dynasty was stronger than that of the Han Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty fought the Xiongnu. At first, due to the lack of national strength, the Western Han Dynasty spent decades making peace with the Xiongnu. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty was strong and strong, and Han generals Wei Qing, Li Guang, Huo Quan, and others led a large army to launch counterattacks many times, and finally won a decisive victory against the Xiongnu in the Battle of Mobei.

however, we must see that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only won a decisive victory against the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu did not perish. It was not until the period of Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty that Dou Xian led an army to destroy the Xiongnu. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty spent more than two centuries completely solving the threat of Xiongnu.

apart from dealing with the Xiongnu, the Han Dynasty won the victory of attacking Dayuan and the Korean Peninsula in the foreign war. Apart from the military victories of the Western countries such as Xiongnu and Dayuan and the Korean Peninsula, there were not many bright spots in the foreign military struggle between the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty.

the military struggle against Xiongnu in the Tang Dynasty blossomed in all directions and yielded comprehensive results. From 629 to 630 AD, 100000 troops of the Tang Army, led by Li Jing, Li Kun, and others, launched a courageous attack. After a year of fighting, they wiped out the East Turkic Khanate and captured Jieli Khan. Then, during the period of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Jun took Tuyuhun and Xue Yantuo, conquered Gaochang Khanate, and dealt a heavy blow to Koguryo. Because of Li Shimin's successive victories in foreign operations, all countries around Li Shimin called Li Shimin "Tiankhan", which means "the common monarch of the whole world". Wang Xuan ze, the minister of the Tang Dynasty, also led the coalition forces of Tubo and other countries to attack India and captured the Indian king in the later period of Tang Taizong.

in the period of Tang Gaozong, the powerful military strength of the Tang Dynasty was further reflected. During the reign of Li Zhi, the Tang army wiped out the Western Turkic Khanate, Baiji, and Koguryo. In 663 AD, the Tang army navy of Liu Ruigou annihilated the Japanese army in Baijiangkou, and Japan was completely subdued by the Tang Dynasty. After the painstaking efforts of the emperors of Emperor Taizong and Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty established absolute military hegemony in Asia. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were "those who offended us to strengthen the Han Dynasty, though far away must be punished". In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, the military strength was still "those who violated our Tang Dynasty, although far away must be punished."

without the strong military strength and the foreign victories won by the officers and men of the Tang Dynasty, the influence of the Tang Dynasty could hardly spread to countries all over the world.

after the an-Shi Rebellion broke out, neighboring countries sent troops to fight side by side with Tang Jun. For example, in the battle of Xiangji Temple, the turning point of the an-Shi Rebellion, in addition to the confrontation between the Western Legion of the Tang army and the rebels, there was also an "international coalition force" in the Tang camp: the 4000 Uighur army of Gu Li Pei Luo Khan, the 4000 Arab Legion of Mansour Khalifa, and the troops sent by Nanzhao, Yutian, and other small countries fought side by side with the Tang army. It is extremely rare in Chinese history for the "international coalition forces" to help our central government quell the rebellion. The international influence of the Tang Dynasty can also be reflected from this point.

it is precise because of the above three reasons that the Tang Dynasty has become an "absolute symbol" of China in the eyes of foreigners. So much so that today, foreigners refer to the Chinese as "Tang people". Therefore, it is the "spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty" that makes Chinese history reach an unprecedented height, and it is the "prosperous Tang Dynasty" that makes countries around the world look at Chinese history and culture with new eyes.